The Effects Of Alcohol On The Brain - 3698 Words

One of the most significant cause of motor vehicle fatalities, injuries and risk of car crash is drinking and driving (Chou et al., 2005). Alcohol impacts the brain by slowing down the procedure of receiving and processing information from eyes and directing actions, and the capability to function efficiently (Transport and Main Roads, 2010). Furthermore, it decreases clarity of vision, ability to see far and in dark, ability to make judgements, induce sleepiness and increase likelihood of risk taking behaviour. These effects of alcohol have a significant impact an individual’s ability to drive safely and securely while intoxicated with alcohol. Drink driving does not only impact the driver themselves, but also those who are victims of accidents caused by drink drivers. In Australia, drink driving continues to remain as one of the highest contributors to road fatality and injury, even though it has reduced remarkably since the 1980’s (Terer Brown, 2014). This paper wil l discuss some of the findings from an external interview (refer to Appendix A), and compare them to literature on the impacts and consequences of drink driving, a theoretical framework that supports a countermeasure to effectively reduce drink driving behaviour in society. Our interviewee’s opinion regarding drink driving was that it is a high concern in road safety. Findings from Transport and Main Roads (2012) report demonstrate that alcohol related crashes were the highest contributors in fatal crashes inShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Adolescent Brain1585 Words   |  7 Pagespsychiatrists, PhD students and adolescent alcohol researchers, I obtained current information, where there were scarce secondary sources which explored the effects of alcohol on the adolescent brain. This process was highly beneficial because it increased the reliability of my research and substantiated emerging Key Finding 1 – that adolescent neuroplasticity increases their susceptibility to alcohol related mental illness. For example, Fiona Griffith stated that â€Å"the brain is going through a major upgradeRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Brain And Body866 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol causes many psychological and physiological problem s in heavy drinkers and light drinkers alike. A few well-known consequences of alcohol on the brain and body have been proven. This includes: cognitive mood and memory disturbances, injury to the gastrointestinal and intestinal tracts, and injury to cardiovascular, all of the body’s normal functions. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a growing problem. Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs when expectant mothers drink during pregnancy. This condition afflictsRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Alcohol On The Brain846 Words   |  4 Pagesor how others become addicted to drugs and alcohol. This has been an ongoing issue still current in today’s society. â€Å"It is often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior† (Understanding Drug). Same thing goes for the use of alcohol. It is up to the mind, whether or not to prevents the power such toxic substance if abuse, such as drugs and alcohol. The mind is the main focus in individualsRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol Addiction On The Brain1774 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham’s addiction to alcohol could be caused by processes in the brain, such as neurotransmitters and by hormones, it has been proven that alcohol addiction can be caused by genetics. There is also a gene that affects the amount of alcohol that people drink, this means that some people like Abraham may have a predisposition to drink a greater amount of alcohol that other people. There also a difference in the genetics factors, regarding alcohol consumption and alcohol dependency. Also in studiesRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Human Brain793 Words   |  4 Pagesin the world are marijuana addicts and alcohol addicts. Both substances have been around for several years, but recent studies show, and have shown alcohol has more of a negative effect on the human brain, and body overall, than marijuana, while other activities, that are not considered as addictive, can have the same addictive features, and more dire consequences. Unlike the temporary effects of marijuana, Alcohol can have very consequential long term effect Alcoholic fatty liver, Alcoholic hepatitisRead MoreThe Long Lasting Effect of Alcohol on The Brain1208 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom alcohol-related causes, making it the third leading preventable cause of death in our country† (Alcohol Facts 1). Alcoholism is a major controversy in the United States, and many debate whether alcoholism is a disease or choice. Accordingly, based on scientific evidence, alcoholism is a disease because it has major long-term effects on the brain, it is an addiction, and it is treated medically. The first major reason alcoholism should be considered disease is the long-lasting effects it hasRead MoreEssay on Effect of Alcohol on the Human Brain1953 Words   |  8 PagesEffect of Alcohol on the Human Brain http://www.alcoholism.tqn.com/library/weekly/aa022697.htm?pid=2750cob=home. Whether a crime was committed intentionally or unintentionally has great bearing on the decision of a jury in finding a person guilty of a crime and/or on the judges choice of punishment. You might have heard of husbands apologizing to their wives the day after theyve beaten them. Their apology might sound something like, Im so sorry. I did not mean to hurt you, I swear! DoesRead MoreThe Effects Of Long Term Alcohol Use On The Brain1482 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol is the result of the chemical process known as fermentation, which is essentially the putrefaction of yeast and sugar into a consumable intoxicant. The earliest examples of alcohol consumption were evidenced by beer recipes from Mesopotamia, written in Cuneiform on clay tablets. These tablets are considered one of the earliest forms of written language. Alcohol has long been considered an integral part of society, but its effects on physical and mental health, and social standing continueRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Body s Organs And Brain Activity1350 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol is a recreational drug which contains ethanol (Drugfreeworld.org, 2016), a depressant that prolongs the messages from the brain to the body affecting the way one thinks, feels and behaves (Alcoholthinkagain.com.au, 2014). Excessive alcohol consumption can have many negative effects on the body’s organs and brain activity. Major health problems such as cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis, depression, gout and pancreatitis can occur as a result of consuming large quantities of alcohol and haveRead MoreAlcohol and the Brain989 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and the Brain In chemistry terms, alcohol is any organic compound where a hydroxyl group is bound to a carbon atom, which is has single bonds to three other atoms. The type of alcohol that can be consumed is called Ethanol which is a liquid and psychoactive recreational drugs. If a person drinks Ethanol, or alcohol, it affects the central nervous system, which causes decrease in activity, anxiety, tensions, concentration, and judgement. There are also several cases of memory loss due to

Career Development The Career Opportunity - 955 Words

Career Development A responsible professional will always be prepared for the next career opportunity. I have always made it a priority to keep my resume updated and to stay proactive in considering my next career move. New experiences, education, achievements, and networking relationships present opportunities for resume improvement. Staying current on external job listings and networking internally are two ways to ensure that I do not miss out on an opportunity. In addition, interview practice is invaluable in improving body language and in anticipating and preparing for difficult questions. In my experience, the prepared candidate will always have an edge. The Job Search The job search was helpful in confirming my current career strategy and brainstorming new approaches after I graduate. First, I found the suggestion of setting a specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and trackable (S.M.A.R.T) goal to be extremely helpful. One of the challenges that I face is that Eugene, OR, is not a large city and the healthcare opportunities are limited. I already work for Peacehealth, the largest healthcare organization in Eugene. For this reason, I need to be patient and careful in my job search since our family is planning on staying here. My current S.M.A.R.T goal is to find an operations manager, program manager, director, or administrator opportunity at Peacehealth that challenges me with more responsibility, pays at least $10k more per year, and offers continuedShow MoreRelatedErfa1044 Words   |  5 PagesThe Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. I No. 1 Dec. 2004 Human Resource Management: Career Development Dhruba Kumar Budhathoki* ABSTRACT This paper mainly emphasizes on career development which is gaining much importance in recent times in order to retain skilled, competent and result oriented people in the organization. This paper invites special attention in this area of organizations. PEOPLE ARE THE SOURCES of all productive effort in organizations. Organizational Read MoreProviding Quality Career Development And Leadership Programs1524 Words   |  7 PagesProviding Quality Career Development within Youth Development and Leadership Programs Introduction â€Å"What do you want to do for a living?† This is a question dreaded by many young people. The question assumes that youth have had opportunities that are to make an informed decision about their future. As a youth service professional or someone volunteering his or her time with youth, you might be wondering how you can support youth to think about their futures, and provide them with concrete informationRead MoreEmployee Training and Career Development Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Training and development are important factors to the success of any organization. Each employee is a valuable asset that can either add to the success a company or contribute to its failure. Training supports and makes possible the development of new skills and knowledge. Offering training for employees at various levels within an organization assist employees develop the necessary skills and proficiency to be successful in their careers as well as prepare for new responsibilitiesRead MoreDeveloping A Positive Work Environment At Verizon Wireless.1504 Words   |  7 Pagesand valuable. Increase Productivity Promote Career Development Performance Facilitate development meeting with all employees on the team Assist employees in achieving their goals Give employees the opportunity to evaluate and plan their employment future and develop their skills Establish a positive work environment with a team building forum Employees can better understand the intent of actions with high trust Allows team members the opportunity to learn about and understand each other toRead MoreHr Practice At Publix : Career Growth And Development843 Words   |  4 PagesHR practice at Publix Career growth and development is one of the strategies that Publix uses to achieve employee retention in the organization. According to Branham (2012) employees are more likely to stay longer in an organization where there are prospects for career growth as opposed to where they feel they cannot grow in their career. One of the practice that is used by the organization to achieve career growth and development is promotion within the organization. This means that people whoRead MoreEvaluating The Retention And Development Of Their Employees1201 Words   |  5 PagesAssessing Internal Candidates Chern’s talent philosophy involves the retention and development of their employees. In a recent analysis of the turnover data, the executives learned that a disproportionate number of good sales associates had left the organization. These sales associates could have been potentially strong candidates for the department manager and assistant department manager positions. Chern’s uses supervisor recommendations and structured interviews to promote about 75 percent ofRead MoreAcademic Motivation And Career Development1358 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Academic motivation and skills: As they explore their career interests and options, youth increase their understanding of the value and relevance of formal education to pursuing their career goals. This increases their academic motivation and engagement which leads to increased academic skills. †¢ Leadership skills: Youth develop leadership by taking the lead in their personal career development process. †¢ Social skills and positive relationships: By working with their family, school or youthRead MoreA Market Plan for People with Disabilities828 Words   |  3 PagesSituation Analysis Over the past years career centers have matched people with jobs to synchronize their career plans with their disabilities. The career center will consist of self-appraisal, career information, career counseling services, career training facilities, and career placement follow up services. The center will reach this by setting in motion of cyclical process of planning, development, implementation, and improvement. With the help of the center the disabled will be able to reachRead MoreEmployee Training and Career Development1260 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee Training and Career Development Paper HRM/300 Patricia Meunier Muenks Employee Training and Career Development Paper Employee training and development is the key to the success of an organization. It is the role of the Human Resource department to provide employees with the information and tools needed for training and development, and to ensure the success of organizational development. Training and development of employee is benefits the organization by ensuring the organizationRead More The Work-Meaning Connection Essay examples1646 Words   |  7 Pagesreexamining their careers in light of the growing realization that work should be more than a job. Instead of listening to internal signals, many individuals make choices about work and careers on the basis of external criteria such as income potential, status, and the opinions of others. Although they may achieve success in these careers, they may be unhappy and dissatisfied because their work is not aligned with who they are—their core self (Clark 1999-2000). Others may select careers based on their

The Hunger Games Literary Critique free essay sample

The Hunger Games in some key areas of storytelling, but it does not redeem this blockbuster trilogy of its principal flaw: its future is never fully believable. I suspect that, like Twilight fans, what appeals to the bulk of its fan base is not just the action-packed premise, but the love triangle at the heart of the tale, between put-upon teen heroine Katniss Everdeen, her Games partner Peeta Mellark (with whom she must put on a show of romantic feeling, though on his part the emotions are genuine), and Gale, her longtime friend from home whom she realizes too late is the boy she truly loves. Thats all well and good, and Collins does build upon the emotional core of her story very effectively by emphasizing Katnisss internal conflict regarding both Peeta and Gale in this second volume. Her characters were already strongly relatable, and she only boosts their appeal in readers eyes this time. As a longtime SF reader who is just a tiny bit older than the target demographic here, I cannot help but read an SF novel for the whole package. That package includes convincing world building. This, Collins has not done. Consider: we are asked to accept a post-apocalyptic future in which the United States has been replaced by a nation, Panem, who fascism is so awesomely ruthless it would make Heinrich Himmler shudder. Fully 75 years after a series of rebellions, Panems Capitol still feels the need to select two dozen teenagers from the twelve (formerly thirteen) Districts it controls, and have them slaughter each other in high-tech gladiatorial combat. As there could be little punitive value in the practice after 75 years, all that can be realistically motivating the Capitol is senseless bloodthirst. Why the obsession with dead kids as entertainment? Did everyone forget how to play football? Lets look at the Capitol. It is a glistening, media-obsessed, higher-than-high-tech metropolis whose citizens lack for nothing and can indulge their every hedonistic pleasure. In contrast, the Districts citizens would be better off in the pre-WWII Warsaw ghettos. The Capitol has the technology to create arenas for its Hunger Games that include all manner of tricks, traps, genetically engineered beasts, artificial seas, controlled weather conditions, with the whole affair surrounded by an invisible force ield. When youve got invisible force fields, youre into Star Trek territory. The threat level from a bunch of starving poor people must be negligible at best. And yet, 100% of the resources of the Capitol appear to be directed towards the Hunger Games, the only goal of which is to oppress and humiliate peasant populations from deprived districts, some of whom barely get enough to eat, and whos e districts, in many cases, provide resources that the Capitol clearly doesnt even use. (District 12, where Katniss is from, mines coal. Thus, Panems economy must be based on other things than what it scrapes up in tribute from its Districts. Super-arenas with invisible force fields cant come cheap, after all. But Collins gives us no sense of any larger world outside the immediate scope of her story. Do other nations exist? Do they share diplomatic relations with Panem? If so, how do they view the Games? Does Panem, in fact, have any sociopolitical agenda at all other than gloating over teenage violence? We hear of corporate sponsors who support the Games. But who produces their products, if not the Districts? What are their revenue streams? And on and on. Yes, I am thinking of things that probably no fan of this series is thinking about. The problem is that Collins didnt think of them either. Her future is therefore shallow, and, in being so shallow, isnt fully believable. What makes an SFF future believable is when you can tell that there are many other stories that can be set in it other than the one the writer happens to be telling. Middle-Earth, Nivens Known Space, or even the settings of such purely commercial creations as Star Trek and Star Wars, have shown themselves to be a bountiful source of story ideas beyond the immediate adventures of Frodo, Kirk, or Luke. You dont sense that here. Panem and the Capitol are evil for the sake of being evil, simply so that Katniss can fill her role as heroine and liberator. In other words, its not meant to be a realistic future, just an easily-grasped symbolic one. Which is fine, except that I think a writer with a stronger background in SF than Collins obviously has wouldnt have treated it as an either/or narrative choice. I noted that Catching Fire was a better story, and it is. One thing about being a 17-year-old in a society that has devoted itself heart and soul to killing you horribly is that it would certainly result in some serious psychological trauma. Katnisss inner turmoil in this book is ratcheted up to nearly intolerable levels, and in the books best moments her distress will tug at your heart, far more honestly than the ham-fisted emotional manipulations Collins threw at us in book one. One thing I am sure resonates with the series fans is to imagine what it must be like to have all hope stripped from you at a time in your life when the joy of youth should have your cup running over with hope. Taken on these terms, Catching Fire will engage fans of the trilogy even more than The Hunger Games did. Katniss learns that the clever ploy she used to keep both herself and Peeta alive at the end of book one has sparked a new spirit of rebellion in the Districts. The Capitol is coming down on all this with the expected brutality. There are hints that the ruins of the long destroyed District 13 may be home to a secret underground resistance. Katniss, whose mockingjay pendant has become the rebellions logo, must watch her every move and every thought, as shes had it made abundantly clear she is on the shit-list of Panems President Snow. (Collins fondness for glaringly obvious, and just as glaringly ironic, symbolic character names is undimmed here. ) But Katniss has no way to suspect what fate he actually has in store for her. While the first third of the book — its divided into three parts, like book one, which will certainly make the screenplays easy to write — has the trilogys best and most chilling storytelling to date, by the time were near the end, in what amounts to a lengthy rehash of the first book, it has no surprises for us. Even the cliffhanger ending feels inevitable. However, it hints that were finally, maybe, about to get to the good stuff in the final volume at last. Im hopeful, but not terribly optimistic, that once the downfall of Panem gets rolling, this trilogy will at last begin to satiate my hunger.

The Bad Mood Keeps Rising an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

The Bad Mood Keeps Rising In the chapter The New Anticorporate Activism Naomi Klein discusses the emergence of new phenomenon a network of human-rights activists that has exposed many organizations to damage. Moreover, Klein traces the key differences and similarities between anticorporate campaigning and apartheid actions. The central point of the chapter is that one has to fight corporations and organizations whose sole purpose is to benefit from repressive government policies and to increase profits disregarding social and corporate responsibilities. Thus, the role of anticorporate activists is to reveal violations committed by multicultural corporations and organizations. Klein argues the role of anticorporate activists is crucial to contemporary business world as multicultural corporations dont consider, in many cases, their responsibilities and obligations to the public. (pp.325-326) Need essay sample on "The Bad Mood Keeps Rising" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The negative moment is that anticorporate activism takes many forms ranging from socially and environmentally responsible to radically terrorist. Moreover, the tasks of the groups are different as well. For example, the Yellow Pages is an international hacker group whose goal is to hack computer networks of huge corporations. (p.326) Klein stresses that it is economic globalization that has caused emergence of anticorporate activists and many corporations are forced to fight as well. Anticorporate activism goes far beyond labor and trade unions. Their members are both young and old representatives whose education ranges from elementary school to colleges and university. They come with large investments claiming that multicultural corporations and organizations are behaving illegally and, thus, sinfully. As anticorporate activists claim, multicultural corporations should stake their lives on their violations and being not committed to environment they are operating in. Anticorporate a ctivists are social marketers and political intelligentsia who are worrying about environment more than about increasing profits and sales. (p.327) Further, Klein discusses the Year of Sweatshop tracing the emergence of the anticorporate activists to 1995-1996. Andrew Ross has called that year the year of Sweatshop because every time Americans switched on their TVs they heard shameful news about labor exploiting, human rights violating and environment polluting. It means that world brands didnt consider human and environmental factor in pursuing increased sales and profits. Nike, Shell, McDonalds, Disney and many other corporations were in that row. However, the Year of Sweatshop appeared to result in the Year of Brand Attack. (p.332) The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire appeared to be the turning point in anti-sweatshop movement in the country. Thousand of workers were striking waiting for government response and declaring their rights: working week is to be 54 hours; working day is to be ended not later than 9 p.m.; fire and health care regulations are to be introduced, etc. (p.333) Klein says that many of the anticorproate campaigns are of political origin whose attacks are targeted at global economic issues rather than at national ones. Global corporations are argued to re-organize the world they way they want it to look like. (p.340) Many citizens tried to fight conservative economic trends by voting for liberal and democratic governments, but soon they realized that economic policy remained unchanged. Even greater transparency in government has failed to be effective in restraining multicultural power. Today international stage is experiencing disillusionment with current political processes because attempts to regulate multicultural corporations through the United Nations have failed to be effective. (p.3410) Summing up, anticorporate activism is movement aimed at making multicultural corporations more socially and environmentally responsible. They develop political strategies to re-organize multinational brands and their efforts are more successful that th at of the governments. Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture In the article Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture Sarah Thornton discusses authentic culture as a means to struggle with mass-mediated corporate world. In particular, Thornton points the following themes: underground as subculture; the betrayals of broadcasting; importance of censors; marketing moral outrage; subterranean media; and development of subculture as result of mass-mediated corporate world. The author argues that authentic music is outside the media as it doesnt match its norms and standards. However, for many people authentic culture is self-expression and ability to present original thinking. Researchers often claim that underground or authentic music stresses the anti-media discourse and, thus, young people loose the ability to identify what to consider right and what to consider wrong. Nevertheless, the author argues that, despite recent claims and arguments, no opposition between the media and subculture is revealed. (pp.176-177) Underground is defined as the expression of subculture and underground style is authentic, it doesnt tend to be labeled as fashionable or mass-produced. Underground music promotes the original world that is off the elitism and mass-consumerism. Underground style is against the mass media, but it doesnt oppose it. Mainly, undergrounds are mixed as they disregard class, race and ethnicity. In particular, the discourse of undergrounds is anti-mass culture; undergrounds criticize media of being commercial, shallow and derivative. The long-standing form of underground subculture is happiness. For example, British youth acknowledges sub cultural hierarchy and they acknowledge their position within it. The underground culture is a relative system exposed to timing, position and context. (p.179) The British homes mainly prefer four channels and Top of the Pops is viewed as a gateway to mass culture and key point of selling out. Within underground context, selling is viewed the same as betraying. The undergrounds cant understand why to sell original songs beyond initial market. In such a way, artist looses sense of possession, familiar belonging and exclusive ownership. Art shouldnt be sold out. Many academics argue that the youth and the British media are in opposition, but in reality contemporary youth is not against television. They are simply against selling culture to someone else and they accuse national television of distributing illegally raw materials of youth subculture. (pp.180-181) Thornton assumes that moral panic operates within the purviews of tabloids, and even underground subculture has its own tabloid front pages. Media is often outrageous with the youth scene that authenticates their culture and disapproves credible sources. Subcultural press predicted that moral panic about hippies, punks, and acid house is inevitable. Cultural studies of moral panic tend to defined youth subculture as innocent victims of negative stigmatization. However, they are not what they are thought to be. (p.183) The undergrounds claim that mass media misunderstands their initial goal of cultural pursuits. Thus, moral panic is generated by the culture industries targeting the market. Nevertheless, Thompson writes that moral panic is a metaphor that aims at depicting complex society experiencing groundless fear about the future of the media ad culture. Moral panic inflates the threat posted by culture differences. (p.184) Rave and acid house styles are considered unique phenomena of the 20th century, but recent case studies reveal general points about the media and youth subculture. Media is involved in organization of underground subculture. Thornton concludes underground culture is not organic and autonomous. Mass media plays crucial role in formation of underground subculture; moreover, mass media actively participates in development of underground lifestyle. Development of subculture shows that contemporary youth is unambiguously active and creative instead of remaining passive and manipulated. Due to authentic culture the youth is allowed to represent their unique view on the world, it is an excellent way of self-expression and self-recognition. (pp.186-188) Images, Ideology, and Women of Color In the article Images, Ideology, and Women of Color Leith Mullings discusses the role and position of African-American women in contemporary American society. The author examines representations of African-American women and their emergence in the context of class and gender conflicts. The central conflict of the article is the duality of freedom and constrains that trace gender for Africa-American population. Despite democracy and equal rights movement, there is still a constraint on gender for women of color. Thus, their freedom is inadvertently measured. (p.237) There are many reasons that have led to negative perception of African-American women. The first reason is slavery and the second is representation of women as inappropriate women. Even in literature they were portrayed as mammies, castrators and sexually provocative. Therefore, women of color appeared to be at the centre of the strongly held ideologies concerning race and gender. (p.238) The most enduring representation of African-American women is attributed to slavery times. Their images drawn from literature and historical accounts didnt truly represent the reality. For example, in the Antebellum South women of color were represented as subordinate in their gender hierarchy as males were dominant in that region. Interestingly, an ideal woman was highly romanticized. The model woman was identified with her home being ideal wife and mother. She was assumed to be calm, passive, delicate, submissive, dependent and frail and pure. Historians have drawn two images that characterized African-American woman in America and Europe: Jezebel is a sexually aggressive and provocative woman governed by its libido, whereas Mammy is a religious and mother slave who devotes all her time to slave owners children. (p.239) The author stresses that defeminization of women of color was related to race ideologies that promoted the brutal conditions of slavery in American society. Thus, African-American women were treated as non-human and definitely inferior species, and slavery for them was the most appropriate condition. Surprisingly, medical science stresses African-American women had smaller lungs and brain, whereas their genitals were larger. In such a way, enslaved were proved to belong to different species that white population. (p.239) The stereotypes of Jezebel and Mammy were applied to women of different ages and phenotypes. The idea that African-American women represented another species justified their excessive sexuality. Therefore, sexually aggressive African-American women faced sexual exploitation and rape, whereas Euro-American men stressed women were the initiators because of their libido. In such a way, the author shows that artificially created stereotype may be an excellent excuse for violence and discrimination. (pp.240-243) Mullings writes that there are many similarities in the way dominant groups tend to represent their personhood. For example, the aspect of exploitation centers on the definition of being other. For all people of color, men are presented as dangerous and irresponsible being a threat to European women, whereas women are presented as not deserving social sexual protection in contrast to women of their race and class. Further, men are portrayed as sexually aggressive, whereas women are portrayed as sexually available. African-American women are always depicted as sexually excessive, erotic and exotic. Sexual domination, thus, reinforced labor exploitation and represents European domination. (p.246-247) Summing up, ideologies aimed at stigmatizing African-American women as inferior appeared to be central to maintaining race and gender discrimination. Oppression of African-American women was always justified by representing them as natural instead of social and historical and by masking so cial relations. Gender subordination was supported and women were stigmatized in case they challenged patriarchal model. African-American women were blamed for overall poverty rates and economic decline. Mullings concludes that experience of African-American women has created the basis for deconstructing those ideologies. (p.248-249) Popular Culture and Major League Sport In the article The Real Integrated circus, Political Economy, Popular culture and Major League Sport Gruneau and Whitson discuss major changes, challenges and tensions in major league sport. Moreover, the authors discuss the shifts in cultural studies. Today industries that are centered on the provision of entertainment are wide-ranging and they embrace advertising, sports, radio, television and video products. The emphasis of the cultural studies has shifted from politics and economy to unexplored fields of popular culture. The interest on class politics has been replaced with the interest on sexual orientation, gender construction, ethnicity and race discrimination. As a result, recent works concentrates on examining the meaning, subjectivity and politics of signification instead of analyzing changes in social cultural forms. (pp.360-361) However, the central argument of the article is that development of professional leagues has altered relations and attitudes of sports players to their home communities. The public started to relate their performances to the community pride. As far as teams consisted of local players, they were obliged to say something about their community and qualities of people. It means that field competitiveness resulted in community competitiveness. (p.364) The changes and tension in professional sports are often attributed to expansion into new markets, players salary, and labor struggles. Changes are inevitable as they are presented as extension of older commercial dynamics. (p.365) Tensions are argued to be a result of changes in political-economic environment since the middle of 1970s the years when the industries started to promote and produce cultural popular cultural goods. Moreover, industries became interested in promoting consumption styles that became a real integrated circus in European and American countries. The authors admit that it is still rather difficult t identify what to consider new and what to consider old in promotional discourses and industrial restructuring. (p.372) They underline the necessity to examine how ideology is sustained by forms and practices of symbolic production. The problem of professional sports is seen in efforts of media commentators and sports promoters to construct the idea of us around professional sports instead of distinguished sports from community as benefits that teams bring should not be treated as the benefits of the whole community. One more problem is that with the increase of players salaries the ticket pri ces have raised and games of major leagues is out of reach for middle-class and working class fans. (pp.373-374) The author argue that public money has played their crucial role in promoting major league sports as private investors have got an opportunity to pay franchise fees and to present major leagues to small markets or markets they are willing major leagues to play in. In the late 1960 major leagues have often played in publicly financed facilities (p.378). Of course, franchising offers significant benefits, although the long-term objectives of major league sports was to ensure contracts with national television and special attention was paid to contracts with major US networks. Television increased public interest in major league sports as it allowed the audience to see the most interesting moment missed in arena and stadium. Moreover, television technologies made public know major league players and, in some cases, athletes were turning into local or national celebrities. (p.369) The purpose of television was to attract new audiences beyond male fans and to make major league games more watched and talked about. The key challenge for major league teams was to increase its continental profile; otherwise, the team risked to loose its regional fan base in favor of more active rivals. The authors conclude that further research is needed to examine whether major league franchises are beneficial economic and social investments. Several researchers have already begun to study the issue, but more attention should be paid to costs and benefits of major league sports. (pp.380-381) References Gruneau, R., Major League Sports. In Understanding Canada: Building on the New Canadian Political Economy, ed. by Clement, W. USA: McGill-Queen's University Press. Klein, Naomi. (2000). Bad Mood Rising: The New Anticorporate Activism. In No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. Toronto: Vintage Canada. Mullings, Leith. (2004). Images, Ideology, and Women of Colour. In Feminist Communication Theory ed. by Rakow, L., & Wackwitz, L. London: Sage. Thornton, Sarah. (1994). Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture. In Microphone Fiends: Youth Music and Youth Culture, ed. by Rose, T., & Ross, A. New York, Routledge.